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The ________ system contains the precursor tissue for the male internal reproductive structures.

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A larger sexually dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area is the result of ________________ in fetal development.


A) excess progesterone
B) high levels of androgens
C) absence of androgens
D) high levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
E) high levels of luteinizing hormone

F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

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The formation of the ovaries during prenatal development is controlled by


A) the Sry gene.
B) testosterone.
C) the X chromosome.
D) the Y chromosome.
E) no factor.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

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Defend the proposition that "Nature's impulse is to create a female."

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The internal and external genitalia will...

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In ________, one might expect to observe both male and female internal reproductive structures.


A) adrenogenital syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Sry syndrome
D) persistent Müllerian duct syndrome in a genetic male
E) androgen-insensitivity syndrome

F) D) and E)
G) B) and E)

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Whether the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes is determined by the ________ gene.

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The principle that best describes an organizational effect of androgens during prenatal development that enables an animal to engage in male sexual behavior as an adult is


A) feminization.
B) emasculinization.
C) behavioral masculinization.
D) aromatization.
E) behavioral defeminization.

F) All of the above
G) C) and D)

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What principle is demonstrated by the findings that mechanical stimulation of the genitals elicits sex-related behaviors in animals whose spinal cord has been cut?


A) Sexual reflexes cannot occur without the brain.
B) The brain is not required for the sexual reflexes of erection and ejaculation.
C) Sexual orientation is dependent on spinal mechanisms.
D) Pathways from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord are key to sexual behavior.
E) Male sexual behavior can at times appear to be brainless.

F) A) and C)
G) All of the above

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Describe the various effects of pheromones in the modulation of the rodent estrous cycle.

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The rodent estrous cycle is four days in...

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If you were to see the developing gonads of a 6-week-old male fetus, you would see


A) a clearly defined scrotum and penis.
B) a clearly defined Wolffian duct system.
C) gonads that are not differentiated for a male or female.
D) clearly defined ovaries.
E) a clearly defined Müllerian duct system.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

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According to the ________ effect, a novel female reduces the sexual refractory period in a satiated male rat.

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The primary feature that distinguishes a menstrual cycle from an estrous cycle is that


A) females can mate at any time during the estrous cycle.
B) females can only mate around the time of ovulation in the menstrual cycle.
C) there is no cycle of growth/loss of the uterine lining in the estrous cycle.
D) the estrous cycle does not involve the secretion of estrogens.
E) the estrous cycle is longer than the menstrual cycle.

F) A) and C)
G) B) and C)

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The hormone ________ controls the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.


A) leptin
B) LH
C) ghrelin
D) kisspeptin
E) cortisol

F) C) and E)
G) B) and E)

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The unique reproductive cells of males and females are termed ________.

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Electrical stimulation of the ________ enhances sexual behavior in the ________.


A) medial preoptic area; female rat
B) central nucleus of the amygdala; female rat
C) ventromedial nucleus; male rat
D) medial preoptic area; male rat
E) spinal cord; female rat

F) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

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The secretion of GNRH is controlled by the peptide ________.

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Research suggests that ______________ increases sexual activity and rate of orgasm for women.


A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) LH
D) follicular hormone
E) testosterone

F) A) and C)
G) D) and E)

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The vomeronasal organ


A) projects to the accessory optic area.
B) of a human is heavily innervated.
C) is the receptive organ for pheromones.
D) is critical for sexual behavior in dolphins.
E) is found in all mammals.

F) B) and D)
G) None of the above

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Development of a deep voice during puberty is an example of a(n) ________ characteristic.

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After successfully mating, a male rat experiences __________ where he does not initiate sexual behavior again.


A) a refractory period
B) sexual satiety
C) sexual inhibition
D) the Coolidge effect
E) the cold-shower effect

F) C) and D)
G) A) and C)

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