Question 1

Narcolepsy may be caused by

Accepted Answer

A)   excessive alcohol use.
B)   brain abnormalities in the medulla that interfere with breathing during sleep.
C)   a circadian rhythm that is out of synchrony with the outside world.
D)   a lack of production or sensitivity to the chemical hypocretin, or orexin.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 2

What effect does hypnosis have on memory, according to research?

Accepted Answer

A)   Hypnosis enables people to recall unpleasant memories they had forgotten.
B)   Hypnosis improves memories going back to about age 4, but not earlier.
C)   Hypnosis improves memories going back to at least age 2.
D)   Most of the "memories" newly reported under hypnosis are incorrect.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 3

Research indicates that meditation is

Accepted Answer

A)   an entirely unique state of consciousness.
B)   identical to the hypnotic state.
C)   a state of relaxation.
D)   the same as stage 4 sleep.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 4

Which of the following occur more often during non-REM sleep than during REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

A)   sleepwalking and sleep talking
B)   sleepwalking and night terrors
C)   sleep talking and nightmares
D)   nightmares and night terrorsE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 5

Narcolepsy involves

Accepted Answer

A)   sudden attacks of extreme sleepiness during the day.
B)   very unpleasant dreams that keep children awake.
C)   prolonged creepy-crawly sensations in the legs.
D)   frequent awakenings during the night.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

A)   Most of the body's muscles are tense and active.
B)   The eyes move rapidly.
C)   It begins about once every 90 minutes during the night.
D)   Dreams are likely to occur.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

Studies of adult dreams have found that most dreams deal with

Accepted Answer

A)   content similar to what people have been thinking about.
B)   events from early childhood.
C)   repressed memories.
D)   pleasant events that we wish would happen.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 8

Which of the following is experienced by the largest number of adults?

Accepted Answer

A)   sleep apnea
B)   narcolepsy
C)   sleep talking
D)   sleepwalkingE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 9

Some hypnotized people and some nonhypnotized people are asked to put their hand into a vat of concentrated acid and to throw the acid into another person's face. Who, if anyone, will obey this instruction?

Accepted Answer

A)   only those who are actually hypnotized
B)   only those who are not hypnotized
C)   some who are hypnotized and some who are not
D)   no oneE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 10

People who have gone without sleep for 10 days in a row

Accepted Answer

A)   have lost all muscle coordination.
B)   can still perform well-practiced skills for brief periods.
C)   feel equally sleepy at all times of the day.
D)   experience unpleasant aftereffects even weeks or months after returning to a normal schedule.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 11

Why might horses and sheep get so little sleep per night?

Accepted Answer

A)   They are relatively primitive animals with small brains.
B)   They have less physical activity per day than most other animals.
C)   They are in danger of being attacked while they sleep.
D)   They eat diets that include foods rich in calories.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

During sleep, mammals

Accepted Answer

A)   increase muscle activity.
B)   lower their body temperatures.
C)   expend lots of energy.
D)   are safe from danger.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 13

What is the similarity between the sleep of infants, cats, and adults who sleep 9 or more hours per night?

Accepted Answer

A)   All have a high percentage of REM sleep.
B)   All have a high percentage of stage 2 sleep.
C)   All have a high percentage of stage 3 sleep.
D)   All have a high percentage of stage 4 sleep.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 14

What was the conclusion of Dement's experiment on the effects of depriving people of REM sleep for seven consecutive nights?

Accepted Answer

A)   People need REM sleep in order for the brain to develop.
B)   People need REM sleep in order to improve their memory.
C)   People need REM sleep, but we still do not know why.
D)   People do not really need REM sleep.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 15

Our cycles of wakefulness and sleepiness depend mainly on

Accepted Answer

A)   changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
B)   detection of changes in magnetic field.
C)   hormones released by the adrenal gland.
D)   cyclic activity generated within the brain itself.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a structure at the base of the brain known to be involved in

Accepted Answer

A)   pain perception.
B)   sexual motivation.
C)   maintaining circadian rhythms.
D)   susceptibility to hypnosis.E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 17

Ordinarily, people do not walk or otherwise act out their dreams during REM sleep because REM sleep is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)   relaxation of the major muscles.
B)   decreased brain activity.
C)   low and steady heart rate and breathing rate.
D)   temporary loss of memory for motor skills.E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 18

The terms "light sleep" and "deep sleep" are not very useful because

Accepted Answer

A)   dreams occur during both REM and non-REM sleep.
B)   brain activity increases in stages 1 and 3, and decreases in stages 2 and 4.
C)   all stages of sleep are equally "deep."
D)   paradoxical sleep is deep in some ways and light in others.E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 19

In one experiment, hypnotized subjects were asked to pick up a poisonous snake and to do other dangerous acts. The experimenter wanted to find out whether hypnosis can get people to do anything they would ordinarily refuse to do. Why were the results difficult to interpret?

Accepted Answer

A)   Most of the subjects did as they were told, but most of them were suffering from psychological disorders.
B)   They all refused at the time, but many of them followed the instructions after they came out of hypnosis.
C)   When they were told to do these acts, the subjects immediately came out of hypnosis.
D)   Most of these subjects did as they were told, but so did some people who were not hypnotized.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 20

When people go without sleep for more than 24 hours in a row, how does their experience of sleepiness vary over time?

Accepted Answer

A)   It increases for a while and then becomes constant.
B)   It increases during the night but decreases the next morning.
C)   It continues to increase steadily throughout the period when the person does not sleep.
D)   It increases and decreases on an irregular cycle that averages about 120 minutes.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Exam 10: Consciousness

When people go without sleep for more than 24 hours in a row, how does their experience of sleepiness vary over time?

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During sleep, mammals

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Why might horses and sheep get so little sleep per night?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a structure at the base of the brain known to be involved in

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the similarity between the sleep of infants, cats, and adults who sleep 9 or more hours per night?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following occur more often during non-REM sleep than during REM sleep?

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Research indicates that meditation is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Narcolepsy involves

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Narcolepsy may be caused by

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People who have gone without sleep for 10 days in a row

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Ordinarily, people do not walk or otherwise act out their dreams during REM sleep because REM sleep is associated with

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What effect does hypnosis have on memory, according to research?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Studies of adult dreams have found that most dreams deal with

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Our cycles of wakefulness and sleepiness depend mainly on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is experienced by the largest number of adults?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The terms "light sleep" and "deep sleep" are not very useful because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

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What was the conclusion of Dement's experiment on the effects of depriving people of REM sleep for seven consecutive nights?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In one experiment, hypnotized subjects were asked to pick up a poisonous snake and to do other dangerous acts. The experimenter wanted to find out whether hypnosis can get people to do anything they would ordinarily refuse to do. Why were the results difficult to interpret?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some hypnotized people and some nonhypnotized people are asked to put their hand into a vat of concentrated acid and to throw the acid into another person's face. Who, if anyone, will obey this instruction?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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