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Exam 5: Self

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Question 1

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_____________ believed that self-identity depended on our having the same self-consciousness and memories over time. He differed from Descartes because he distinguished between a substance (the soul) and consciousness.

A) Hume
B) Berkeley
C) Locke
D) Kant

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Question 2

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Describe Kant's view of the self. Explain the difference between the transcendental ego and the empirical ego. Why did he need both notions?

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Kant's view of the self is complex and i...

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Question 3

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Kierkegaard deplores what he sarcastically calls "the public" and urges an end to collective identity and social roles in favor of renewed respect for the __________.

Nietzsche and Kierkegaard both believed that the enemy of selfhood was social identity. Explain why. Are there any negative consequences that can arise from too much individuality? Explain.

Western and Eastern philosophers discuss the concept of self-identity as a mask we wear everyday. How does this metaphor reflect many philosophical concerns about the problem of identity?

__________ idea that memory was what constituted a self-identity was inspired by the Cartesian notion that a person's relationship to his or her own thoughts is unique.

__________ labeled the tension between individuality and social self-identity (or the split between your awareness of yourself and the awareness that is imposed on you as an object of other people's attention) "ontological insecurity."

Which of the following is the main thesis of Locke's argument?

Does Sartre's conception of the self complicate the idea of an individual self? How did he explain the paradox that he created between the self not existing and the self existing? Why did he come to this conclusion?

Discuss the two biggest difficulties for Locke's theory that personal identity is based on memories of one's former experiences. If it is memory that unites different "person stages" of the past with the person existing in the present stage into a single entity, then how does forgetting, or even remembering inaccurately, affect the self? If you no longer remember falling off your bike at eight (or falsely remember that it was someone else falling), does that mean that stage of your history is no longer part of who you are today?

Which philosophical tradition embodies the idea of ambition, striving to "make something of yourself," and planning for the future?

Sartre points out that individuals can confuse themselves about their own identity, and that we often willfully confuse ourselves in what he calls __________.

Malcolm X wrote, "One of the best ways to safeguard yourself from being deceived is always to form the habit of looking at things for yourself, listening to things for yourself, thinking for yourself, before you try and come to any judgment."

Like Kierkegaard __________ argued that we should develop ourselves as unique individuals.

__________ argued that we obtained the sense that our real selves were known only to ourselves, but at the same time we do not really exist except with other people.

Like Nietzsche, _____________ deplored "the public" and urged an end to collective identity and social roles in favor of renewed respect for the individual.

In the Dao De Jing, Laozi warned us that failure was our own worst enemy and that we ought to protect our selves as if we were our own best friends by becoming successful in all that we do.

Kant's empirical ego is the self that is basic and necessary for all human experience.

__________ believes that inorder for us to interact with each other as entirely free individuals we must all embrace an "androgynous" sexuality.

__________ argued the extent to which African Americans' self-identities were defined for them by American society in which whites are a majority.