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Exam 7: Earthquakes and the Earths Structure

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Question 1

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P waves and S waves ____.

A) move along Earth's surface only
B) travel through Earth's interior
C) do not reflect and refract at boundaries
D) are the principal source of movement and damage on the surface

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Question 2

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The moment magnitude scale ____.

A) is based on the highest peak recorded on a specific type of seismograph
B) can be used to locate the earthquake epicenter
C) more closely reflects the total amount of energy released during an earthquake
D) is measured by recording the amount of structural damage in an area

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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Question 3

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Earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries tend to occur in the ____.

The most likely source of Earth's magnetism is ____.

Explain how scientists have determined the composition and structure of the mantle.

A rock that has deformed ____ under stress keeps its new shape when the stress is released.

Explain why seismologists use a travel-time curve to calculate the distance between an earthquake epicenter and a seismograph station.

Explain how the estimated 9.0 moment magnitude rating of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake was determined.

The San Andreas Fault represents a ______________ fault because the rocks on opposite sides move horizontally.

Friction is the process that prevents tectonic plates from ______________ past one another continuously and can cause build-up of stress in a fault like the San Andreas.

When stressed by a tectonic force, rock stores elastic energy that causes deformation, or ____, to build.

P and S waves travel more slowly in the Moho than they do in the crust or below the asthenosphere because the composition changes from basalt to peridotite which is a more dense rock material which slows the speed of the body waves down.

Explain what best practices that engineers employee to reduce the potential for structural failure in regions with sand sediment and soil during an earthquake.

During the process of liquefaction, soil loses its shear strength and behaves like a ______________.

Explain why long-term prediction of earthquakes is more accurate than short-term prediction.

Which specific type of body wave traveled through the Earth's inner core indicating it is a solid rather than liquid in composition?

Which of the following building materials normally bend and sway during an earthquake?

The boundary in the mantle where composition changes allows seismic wave velocities to do what because pressure is great enough that the minerals in the mantle recrystallize to form denser minerals such as peridotite is called the 660-kilometer discontinuity.

In order to determine the epicenter of an earthquake, you would need a minimum of 3 seismograph station seismograms to determine the arrival time of both P and S waves.

A seismologist would predict that a tsunami produced by an undersea earthquake could travel at 750 kilometers per hour and grow in substantial height as the wave approaches shoreline where friction slows the wave speed down.