A) the enormous amount of money that was going to preparing for the games rather than meeting important social needs.
B) charges of kickbacks and bribery that were directed against the contractors of the venues.
C) the government's decision to award large contracts to foreign firms.
D) the decision by the government to use military forces to police these events.
E) the decision by the government to ban alcohol sales at these venues.
G) C) and E)
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A) domestic market-led growth.
B) import substitution industrialization.
C) domestic needs industrialization.
D) import replacement industrialization.
E) domestic market construction.
G) A) and B)
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The relationship between the Brazilian n...View Answer
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A) the country enjoyed a homogenous linguistic and colonial experience.
B) regional secessionist movements have been uncommon.
C) racial identity has rarely been the basis of political action.
D) optimistic myths about the country's future have been and continue to be persistently believed by the citizenry.
E) All of these.
G) A) and E)
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A) the export of agricultural products and commodities, chiefly coffee.
B) the domestic production of previously imported goods.
C) rapid state-led investment into the production of manufactured products for export.
D) the production of goods for the domestic market.
E) the export of petrochemicals.
G) A) and E)
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A) redirecting the country's foreign policy towards gaining closer ties with the United States.
B) reestablishing direct elections for state governors.
C) eliminating the government's power to oust legislators.
D) granting political amnesty for dissenters.
E) All of the above were steps taken by the military in its efforts to gradually restore democracy.
G) D) and E)
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A) was proven to be incapable of sustaining economic growth due to resistance from labor groups.
B) led to inefficient and uncompetitive industries due to their dependence on state subsidies.
C) was proven to be incapable of sustaining economic growth due to resistance from large firms that wanted to grow their foreign markets in Latin America.
D) was proven to be incapable of sustaining economic growth due to resistance from the bourgeoisie.
E) was proven to be incapable of sustaining economic growth due to resistance from foreign capitalists and multinational corporations.
G) B) and D)
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A) a strategy whereby the Brazilian president appoints seats in his/her cabinet to leaders of other parties in order to maintain a majority alliance in congress.
B) the notion, not upheld in Brazil, that for parties to be successful at the national level in presidential systems, they must build a coalition between different societal interests.
C) the idea that Brazilian presidents represent a coalition of different factions within his/her party.
D) the fact that Brazil is a multiparty democracy.
E) the idea that the Brazilian president must appeal to a coalition of different societal interests in order to be successful.
G) A) and B)
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A
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The presidencies of Lula, Cardoso, and D...View Answer
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A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 8
E) 10
G) A) and B)
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Clientelism refers to a political system...View Answer
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A) by a plurality vote in each state and the federal district.
B) on a staggered basis with two-thirds being elected one time and the other third four years later.
C) on a staggered basis with two-thirds being elected one time and the other third three years later.
D) every four years
E) through a series of primaries held in each state and the federal district.
G) A) and D)
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A) political repression, sometimes severe.
B) a commitment to state-led economic development.
C) the continued functioning of democratic institutions like the national congress although with severe limits on their powers.
D) state and local governments taking on additional policy responsibilities.
E) direct elections for national legislators, but not the president, taking place at fairly regular intervals.
G) A) and D)
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D
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A) Brazil has a high voter turnout.
B) Party identification is low among Brazilian voters.
C) Brazilian parties are entitled to an amount of free air time, on both radio and television, in proportion to their number of votes in the last election, although candidates can gain more access through community radio stations that family members may own.
D) Just as in the United States, the boundaries of electoral districts in Brazil vary from state to state in Brazil so that all districts have a roughly equal number of residents.
E) Voting is compulsory in Brazil
G) C) and E)
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A) Statism
B) Communism
C) Socialism
D) Developmentism
E) Nationalism
G) A) and E)
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The role of the Brazilian state in the country's economic affairs has evolved significantly over time. In the mid-20th century, the Brazilian government played a dominant role in the economy through state-led development policies, including nationalization of key industries and heavy government intervention in the economy. This period was characterized by import substitution industrialization (ISI), where the government aimed to promote domestic industry by imposing high tariffs on imported goods.
However, in the 1980s and 1990s, Brazil underwent a process of economic liberalization and privatization. This was driven by a desire to open up the economy to international trade and investment, reduce the size of the state, and promote market-oriented policies. The government began to divest from state-owned enterprises and reduce its intervention in the economy, allowing for more private sector participation.
In the early 2000s, there was a shift back towards a more interventionist role for the state, particularly under the presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. The government implemented social welfare programs and increased public investment in infrastructure and industry, aiming to reduce poverty and inequality. This period also saw the rise of state-led development banks, such as the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), which played a significant role in financing economic development projects.
Overall, the role of the Brazilian state in the country's economic affairs has evolved from a period of heavy intervention and protectionism to one of liberalization and privatization, and then back to a more interventionist approach focused on social and economic development. The government continues to play a significant role in shaping the direction of the economy through its policies and interventions.
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A) can issue a line-item veto.
B) acts as the country's commander-in-chief.
C) acts as the country's head of state.
D) has extensive powers of appointment.
E) acts as the country's head of government.
G) C) and D)
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A) 75
B) 80
C) 90
D) 65
E) 85
G) A) and C)
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A) Cardoso
B) Lula
C) Collor
D) Sarney
E) Rousseff
G) A) and D)
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A) Although urban unemployment fell dramatically in the 2000s, about half of the workers are employed in the informal sector where they are paid less.
B) Afro-Brazilians continue to make less than their white colleagues and have fewer opportunities for upward mobility.
C) Although working women typically have more education than their male colleagues, they still receive lower salaries for the same jobs.
D) Comparatively speaking, income distribution in Brazil, although unequal, is about on par with that of the United States.
E) The income gender gap is worst for rural women than urban women.
G) C) and D)
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