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Exam 53: Population Ecology

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Question 1

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A population of white-footed mice becomes severely overpopulated in a habitat that has been disturbed by human activity. Sometimes intrinsic factors cause the population to increase in mortality and cause lower reproduction rates to occur in reaction to the stress of overpopulation. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic population control?

A) Owl populations frequent the area more often because of increased hunting success.
B) Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation, and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation.
C) Clumped dispersion of the population leads to increased spread of disease and parasites, resulting in a population crash.
D) All of the resources (food and shelter) are used up by overpopulation, and much of the population dies of exposure and/or starvation.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Question 2

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Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, has revealed that

A) predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling.
B) hares and lynx are so mutually dependent that each species cannot survive without the other.
C) both hare and lynx population sizes are affected mainly by abiotic factors.
D) the hare population is r-selected and the lynx population is K-selected.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Question 3

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Use the graph to answer the following question. Looking at the data in the figure, what can be said about survival and clutch size?

Use the figure to answer the following question. Life Table for Zootoca vivipara in the Netherlands $\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{|l|}\hline\\\\\\\text {Year}\\\hline0\\\hline1\\\hline2\\\hline3\\\hline4\\\hline5\\\hline6\\\hline7\\\hline\end{array}\begin{array}{l|}\hline\\\\\\\text {Number alive}\\\hline1000\\\hline763\\\hline308\\\hline158\\\hline75\\\hline10\\\hline7\\\hline2\\\hline\end{array}\begin{array}{l|}\hline\\\\\\\text {Survivorship}\\\hline 1.000 \\\hline 0.763 \\\hline 0.308 \\\hline 0.158 \\\hline 0.057 \\\hline 0.010 \\\hline 0.007 \\\hline 0.002 \\\hline\end{array}\begin{array}{l|}\hline \\\\\\\text { Fecundity }\\\hline 0.00\\\hline1.70\\\hline 2.94\\\hline 4.13\\\hline4.88\\\hline6.50\\\hline6.40\\\hline6.30\\\hline\end{array}\begin{array}{l|}\hline\text {Survivorship × Fecundity = }\\\text {Average Number of }\\\text {Offspring Produced per}\\ \text {Female of Age x }\\\hline0.00\\\hline1.30\\\hline0.91\\\hline0.65\\\hline0.28\\\hline0.07\\\hline0.04\\\hline0.01\\\hline \end{array}\end{array}$ Data are from Strijbosch and Creemers, 1988. Using the table, how would you describe the population dynamics of the Eurasian lizard, Z. vivipara?

Use the survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. Which curve best describes survivorship in marine mollusks?

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion?

Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth?

Starting from a single individual, what is the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a 2-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.)

Use the figure to answer the following question. Looking at the data in the figure from the hare/lynx experiment, what conclusion(s) can you draw? I.Food is a factor in controlling hare population size. II.Excluding lynx is a factor in controlling hare population size. III.The effect of excluding predators and adding food in the same experiment is greater than the sum of excluding lynx alone plus adding food alone.

Use the graph to answer the following question. Looking at the figure, what factor is contributing significantly to stabilizing the population size over time? I.no migration II.low migration III.high migration

Based on current growth rates, Earth's human population in 2019 will be closest to

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between ________.

The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square kilometer (km²) in one woodlot and 20 km² in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?

Use the graphs to answer the following question. (a) (b) Graph (b) in the figure shows the normal fluctuations of a population of grouse, a ground-nesting bird. Assuming graph (a) in the figure is the result of some experimental treatment in the grouse population, what can be concluded?

Use the survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. Which curve best describes survivorship in elephants?

During exponential growth, a population always ________.

Which of the following graphs illustrates the population growth curve starting with a single bacterium growing in a flask of ideal medium at optimum temperature over a two-hour period? Assume resources do not become limiting over this time frame.

Which of the following statements regarding the future of populations in developing, less industrialized countries are correct? I.The reproductive rates are predicted to remain below replacement level. II.Survivorship will increase. III.Overall population size will increase dramatically. IV.The fertility rate is predicted to remain high, especially in some regions.

Use the figure to answer the following question. Infant mortality and life expectancy at birth in developed and developing countries (data as of 2005) . What is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from the graphs? Developed countries have ________.